Video:COVID-19 pandemic

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Definition

The COVID-19 pandemic, was a global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The novel virus was first identified from an outbreak in the Chinese city of Wuhan in December 2019. The WHO declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern in January 2020 and a pandemic in March 2020.[1][2][3] As of June 2023, the pandemic had caused more than 750 million cases and 7 million confirmed deaths, making it one of the deadliest in history.[4] The WHO ended its declaration of COVID-19 being a global health emergency in May 2023, but continued to refer to it as a pandemic.[5]

Epidemiology 1

SARS-CoV-2 was a newly discovered virus that is closely related to bat coronaviruses,[6]pangolin coronaviruses,[7] and SARS-CoV. [8]The first known outbreak started in Wuhan, Hubei, China, in November 2019; many early cases were linked to people who had visited the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market there.[9][10][11]

Epidemiology 2

The earliest known infected person fell ill on 1 December 2019. That individual did not have a connection with the later wet market cluster.[12] However, an earlier case may have occurred on 17 November.[13] Molecular clock analysis suggests that the index case is likely to have been infected between mid-October and mid-November 2019.[14][15]The WHO ended its declaration of COVID-19 being a PHEIC on 5 May 2023, however prior to this, some countries had already transitioned their public health approach towards regarding COVID-19 as an endemic disease.[5]

Mitigation 1

Managing an infectious disease outbreak is defined as trying to delay and decrease the epidemic peak, known as flattening the epidemic curve.[16]Non-pharmaceutical interventions that may manage the outbreak include personal preventive measures such as hand hygiene, wearing face masks, and self-quarantine; community measures aimed at physical distancing such as closing schools and cancelling mass gathering events.[17]

Mitigation 2

As of March 2023, more than 5 (point) 5 billion people had received one or more vaccine doses, [18] and there were 11 (point) 8 billion total vaccinations in over 197 countries. The Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine was the most widely used vaccine.[19] According to a June 2022 study, COVID-19 vaccines prevented an additional 14 (point) 4 million to 19 (point) 8 million deaths in 185 countries and territories from 8 December 2020 to 8 December 2021.[20][21]

Impact 1

In terms of mortality there have been a reported total of seven million, forty-four thousand, six hundred and thirty-seven[22] confirmed COVID-induced deaths worldwide. As of January 2023, taking into account likely COVID induced deaths via excess deaths, the 95 percent confidence interval suggests the pandemic to have caused between 16 and 28 (point) 2 million deaths.[23][4]

Impact 2

The pandemic and responses to it damaged the global economy. On 27 February 2020, worries about the outbreak crushed US stock indexes, which posted their sharpest falls since 2008.[24]

Impact 3

The pandemic disrupted food systems worldwide, food access fell – driven by falling incomes, lost remittances, and disruptions to food production.[25] The pandemic and its accompanying lockdowns and travel restrictions slowed movement of food aid. According to the WHO, more than eight hundred million people were undernourished in 2020, "likely related to the fallout of COVID-19".[26][27]

Historical aspect

Life expectancy decreased by 1 (point) 6 years, decreases were seen in 84 percent of countries, due to the pandemic.[28]In terms of its place in history. we find that the GAVI alliance places the COVID-19 pandemic in sixth place, among the deadliest pandemics ever.[29]

References

  1. ↑ "Healthcare Workers". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 February 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  2. ↑ "Overview of the COVID-19 pandemic" (PDF). WHO. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  3. ↑ "COVID-19 Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) Global research and innovation forum". www.who.int. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Ritchie, Hannah; Mathieu, Edouard; Rodés-Guirao, Lucas; Appel, Cameron; Giattino, Charlie; Ortiz-Ospina, Esteban; Hasell, Joe; Macdonald, Bobbie; Beltekian, Diana; Roser, Max (5 March 2020). "Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19)". Our World in Data.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Rigby, Jennifer; Satija, Bhanvi (5 May 2023). "WHO declares end to COVID global health emergency". Reuters. Archived from the original on 5 May 2023. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
  6. ↑ Petrosillo, N.; Viceconte, G.; Ergonul, O.; Ippolito, G.; Petersen, E. (June 2020). "COVID-19, SARS and MERS: are they closely related?". Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 26 (6): 729–734. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2020.03.026. ISSN 1469-0691. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  7. ↑ Zhang T, Wu Q, Zhang Z (April 2020). "Probable Pangolin Origin of SARS-CoV-2 Associated with the COVID-19 Outbreak". Current Biology. 30 (7): 1346–1351.e2. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.022. PMC 7156161. PMID 32197085.
  8. ↑ "Outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): increased transmission beyond China – fourth update" (PDF). Europe.ECDC. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  9. ↑ Sun J, He WT, Wang L, Lai A, Ji X, Zhai X, et al. (May 2020). "COVID-19: Epidemiology, Evolution, and Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives". Trends in Molecular Medicine. 26 (5): 483–495. doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2020.02.008. PMC 7118693. PMID 32359479.
  10. ↑ "WHO Points To Wildlife Farms In Southern China As Likely Source Of Pandemic". NPR. 15 March 2021.
  11. ↑ Maxmen A (April 2021). "WHO report into COVID pandemic origins zeroes in on animal markets, not labs". Nature. 592 (7853): 173–174. Bibcode:2021Natur.592..173M. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-00865-8. PMID 33785930. S2CID 232429241.
  12. ↑ Allam, Zaheer (2020). "The First 50 days of COVID-19: A Detailed Chronological Timeline and Extensive Review of Literature Documenting the Pandemic". Surveying the Covid-19 Pandemic and its Implications: 1–7. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-824313-8.00001-2. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  13. ↑ Ma J (13 March 2020). "Coronavirus: China's first confirmed Covid-19 case traced back to November 17". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  14. ↑ Pekar J, Worobey M, Moshiri N, Scheffler K, Wertheim JO (April 2021). "Timing the SARS-CoV-2 index case in Hubei province". Science. 372 (6540): 412–417. Bibcode:2021Sci...372..412P. doi:10.1126/science.abf8003. PMC 8139421. PMID 33737402.
  15. ↑ To KK, Sridhar S, Chiu KH, Hung DL, Li X, Hung IF, et al. (December 2021). "Lessons learned 1 year after SARS-CoV-2 emergence leading to COVID-19 pandemic". Emerging Microbes & Infections. 10 (1): 507–535. doi:10.1080/22221751.2021.1898291. PMC 8006950. PMID 33666147.
  16. ↑ Anderson RM, Heesterbeek H, Klinkenberg D, Hollingsworth TD (March 2020). "How will country-based mitigation measures influence the course of the COVID-19 epidemic?". Lancet. 395 (10228): 931–934. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30567-5. PMC 7158572. PMID 32164834.
  17. ↑ "Community Mitigation Guidelines to Prevent Pandemic Influenza—United States, 2017". Recommendations and Reports. 66 (1). 2017-04-12. Archived from the original on 2020-05-03. Retrieved 2022-03-06.
  18. ↑ Holder J (29 January 2021). "Tracking Coronavirus Vaccinations Around the World". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  19. ↑ The Visual and Data Journalism Team. "Covid vaccines: How fast is progress around the world?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
  20. ↑ Watson OJ, Barnsley G, Toor J, Hogan AB, Winskill P, Ghani AC (June 2022). "Global impact of the first year of COVID-19 vaccination: a mathematical modelling study". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 22 (9): 1293–1302. doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00320-6. PMC 9225255. PMID 35753318.
  21. ↑ "COVID-19 vaccines saved nearly 20 million lives in a year, study says". CBS News. 24 June 2022. Archived from the original on 29 June 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2022.
  22. ↑ Ritchie, Hannah; Mathieu, Edouard; Rodés-Guirao, Lucas; Appel, Cameron; Giattino, Charlie; Ortiz-Ospina, Esteban; Hasell, Joe; Macdonald, Bobbie; Beltekian, Diana; Dattani, Saloni; Roser, Max (2020–2022). "Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19)". Our World in Data. Retrieved 24 April 2024
  23. ↑ "The pandemic's true death toll". The Economist.
  24. ↑ Oh S (28 February 2020). "Stocks record worst week since financial crisis as coronavirus concerns heat up". Market Watch. Archived from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  25. ↑ Swinnen, Johan; Vos, Rob (May 2021). "COVID‐19 and impacts on global food systems and household welfare: Introduction to a special issue". Agricultural Economics. 52 (3): 365–374. doi:10.1111/agec.12623. ISSN 0169-5150. PMC 8206861. PMID 34149127.
  26. ↑ "UN report: Pandemic year marked by spike in world hunger". www.who.int. Archived from the original on 10 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
  27. ↑ Kakaei, Hojatollah; Nourmoradi, Heshmatollah; Bakhtiyari, Salar; Jalilian, Mohsen; Mirzaei, Amin (2022). "Effect of COVID-19 on food security, hunger, and food crisis". COVID-19 and the Sustainable Development Goals: 3–29. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-91307-2.00005-5. ISBN 9780323913072. PMC 9335023.
  28. ↑ "Global Burden of Disease (GBD)". www.healthdata.org. Archived from the original on 12 March 2024. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
  29. ↑ "History's Seven Deadliest Plagues". www.gavi.org. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
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