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Malebranche
Translations of Malebranche from Italian articles using DeepL. I'll improve all of these before turning them into actual articles. (Note that the Italian articles don't cite sources either.)
Draghignazzo
Draghignazzo is one of the Malebranche in Dante's Inferno, appearing in Cantos XXI, XXII and XXIII.
In Italian, his name means "Nasty Sneering Dragon"[1]
"Draghignazzo anco i volle dar di piglio
giuso a le gambe;"
(XXII, vv. 73-74)
His part in the episode is rather minor: he, after Libicocco, cannot restrain himself from rubbing out Ciampolo di Navarra, and almost aroused by the blood from the wound on his arms inflicted by Libicocco, he assaults him on the legs immediately, before being fulminated by a glare from their "sergeant" Barbariccia, who immediately brings them back to order.
Farfarello
Farfarello is a devil invented by Dante Alighieri, who includes him among I Malebranche, the diabolical troop of demons who are the protagonists of a curious episode in Inferno (Canti XXI, XXII and XXIII). They create with their grotesque figures a parenthesis with a typically comic style that is very rare in Dante's work and represents a very precious testimony of how the great poet knew how to adapt his poetry with ductility to the most varied genres.
His name is the only one documented prior to Dante as the name of a devil in legends, novellas or carnival masquerades, and it is probably related to the word pixie (from the Arabic farfar). In Old French there is also the word farfadet and in Tuscan fanfanicchio of similar meaning. In the Calabrian dialect (from the Catanzaro area) a southern wind that brings havoc is referred to as Farfariadu.
He is called by Malacoda, the leader of this group of devils, among the dozen or so devils for the escort he assigns to Dante and Virgil for the passage of the bedlam of the barters (punished by immersion in boiling pitch) in search of a new bridge to cross, after discovering that the most direct one had collapsed, which, it will be discovered only at the end of the XXIII Canto, does not in truth exist.
"E 'l gran proposto, vòlto a Farfarello
Who was squinting his eyes to fealty,
Said, 'Get thee hence, thou wicked bird!'"
(XXII, vv. 94-96)
In the episode Farfarello is the protagonist of only one triplet: Ciampolo di Navarra, a barterer who has just been caught in the boiling pitch, is speaking, when he interrupts himself because he is frightened by Farfarello's stunned, madly threatening gaze as if he were about to fedire i.e. wound with the raffio, the devils' endowed hook. Farfarello, however, is immediately driven away by the grand proposed of the troop, Barbariccia, who chases him away calling him an "evil bird."
Farfarello appeared centuries later in Giacomo Leopardi's Operette morali in the Dialogo di Malambruno e di Farfarello.
Farfarello also appears in Trilussa's 1914 poem "Lullaby of War," where he stands for a fairy tale devil.
He is also found mentioned in Sciascia's Il giorno della civetta, in a proverbial expression ("and they send one who has the fire of Farfarello").
This demon is also mentioned in the ancient Neapolitan song Lo guarracino indicating that the character in question went on a rampage:
Quanno lo 'ntise lo poveriello
se lo pigliaje Farfariello
[...]
Graffiacane
Graffiacane is a devil invented by Dante Alighieri, who includes him among I Malebranche, the diabolical troop of demons who are the protagonists of a curious episode in Inferno (Canti XXI, XXII and XXIII). They create with their grotesque figures a parenthesis with a typically comic style that is very rare in Dante's work and represents a very precious testimony of how the great poet knew how to adapt his poetry with ductility to the most varied genres.
His name is a clear reference to his claws and the animalistic nature that makes him probably resemble a hound (cf. Cagnazzo and the very name of the group "Malebranche" meaning something like evil claws). In Tuscany there was also a family named Raffacani.
He is called by Malacoda, the leader of this group of devils, among the dozen or so devils for the (useless and unsolicited) escort that he assigns to Dante and Virgil for the passage of the bedlam of the barters (punished by immersion in boiling pitch) in search of a new bridge to cross, after discovering that the most direct one had collapsed, which, it will be discovered only at the end of Canto XXIII, does not in truth exist.
"And Graffiacan, which li was more than contra,
Curled them the 'mpegolate hairs
And drew them up, that seemed to me an otter."
(Inf. XXII, vv. 34-36)
Graffiacane is the devil who fishes up a damned man's soul that is not hidden in boiling pitch, unlike all the others, as the marching devils pass by. He is thus the protagonist of only one triplet, and his role is somewhat marginal: he serves only in fact to flesh out the group of devils with his curious name, which, not the least of the hypotheses, is easily rhymed in fact he is named at the end of the verse during Malacoda's appeal.
Libicocco
Libicocco is a devil invented by Dante Alighieri, who includes him among I Malebranche, the diabolical troop of demons who are the protagonists of a curious episode in Inferno (Canti XXI, XXII and XXIII). They create with their grotesque figures a parenthesis with a typically comic style that is very rare in Dante's work and represents a very precious testimony of how the great poet knew how to adapt his poetry with ductility to the most varied genres.
His name has been interpreted as the union of the names of the libeccio and scirocco winds, designating his impetuousness, or even as a pasty of a name corresponds to a bungler.
He is called by Malacoda, the leader of this group of devils, from among the dozen or so devils for the escort he assigns to Dante and Virgil as they pass through the bedlam of the barters (punished by immersion in boiling pitch) in search of a new bridge to cross, after discovering that the most direct one had collapsed, which, it will only be discovered at the end of Canto XXIII, does not in truth exist.
"And Libicocco 'Too much we had suffered.'
He said; and took him 'arm with the runciglio,
So that, tearing, he bore a tear of it."
(XXII, vv. 70-72)
He is the most impatient devil, who cannot wait for the damned caught in the pitch, Ciampolo di Navarra, to finish talking to the two poets because he would like to hook him right away. His impatience, his pining with desire, makes him a childish and comic character. It does not restrain itself and snatches a piece of the damned man's arm with its hook, imitated immediately by Draghignazzo, who pounces on his legs; but both are immediately fulminated by an admonishing glance from their "sergeant" Barbariccia. His wounds, however, cause neither pain nor horror; in fact, shortly thereafter the damned man resumes speaking normally, as if nothing had happened, in keeping with the disengaged style of the play.
Rubicante
Rubicante is a devil invented by Dante Alighieri, who includes him among I Malebranche, the diabolical troop of demons who are the protagonists of a curious episode in Inferno (Canti XXI, XXII and XXIII). They create with their grotesque figures a parenthesis with a typically "comic" style that is very rare in Dante's work and represents a very precious testimony of how the great poet knew how to adapt his poetry with ductility to the most varied genres.
His name does not have a simple and literary etymon like other devils (Barbariccia, Malacoda or Graffiacane), but has given rise to various discordant hypotheses. One is that it derives from ruber, red, although all devils are supposed to be more or less black in color (but red in the Middle Ages is often reported as a color with negative symbolism); a second hypothesis is that it derives from rabies, anger, so it would be "the rabid." a third connects it to Cante Gabrielli da Gubbio, the podestà of Florence who signed the sentence of exile for Dante and who may have been the object of the poet's cross vengeance by thus being mentioned alongside other members of the Black faction (a hypothesis, however, judged by many as forced). There was also a family named Rubaconte in Tuscany (see the Ponte di Rubaconte, aka Ponte alle Grazie in Florence).
He is the last to be named by Malacoda, the leader of this group of devils, among the dozen or so devils for the escort he assigns to Dante and Virgil as they pass through the bedlam of the barters (punished by immersion in boiling pitch) in search of a new bridge to cross, after discovering that the most direct one had collapsed, which, it will only be discovered at the end of Canto XXIII, does not in truth exist. He is referred to as "Rubicante pazzo" (rhyming with Draghignazzo, XXI, v. 123).
""O Rubicante, do thou put them
li unghioni a dosso, so that you skin him!"
cried all at once the wicked."
(Divine Comedy, Canto XXII, vv. 40-42)
His role in the episode is rather minor and confined to a single triplet: he is called by all devils to quarter a damned man who has just been caught in the black pitch, but he is interrupted by Dante and Virgil's request to ask him some questions first.
Jean Hollander
(Notability criteria for creative professionals met: 3 [see reviews], 4c [see reviews and [2]])
Jean Hollander | |
|---|---|
| Born | Jean Haberman 1928 Vienna, Austria |
| Died | April 10, 2019 (aged 90-91) Hopewell, New Jersey |
| Education | |
| Spouse | |
Jean Hollander (née Haberman; 1928 – 2019) was an American poet...
Bios
https://imagejournal.org/artist/jean-hollander/
https://agnionline.bu.edu/about/our-people/authors/jean-hollander/
https://www.pw.org/directory/writers/jean_hollander
https://ccfw.calvin.edu/speakers/jean-hollander/
http://www.sheepmeadowpress.com/hollander-jean
https://www.librarything.com/author/hollanderjean
Reviews of poetry
https://press.syr.edu/supressbooks/366/and-they-shall-wear-purple/
Reviews of DC translation
https://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/08/nyregion/in-person-this-marriage-takes-a-bit-of-explication.html (contains bio info)
Obituaries
https://obits.nj.com/us/obituaries/trenton/name/jean-hollander-obituary?id=9140997
- ^ Crisafulli, Edoardo (2001). "The adequate translation as a methodological tool: The case of Dante's onomastic wordplay in English" (PDF). Target. 13 (1): 1–28. doi:10.1075/target.13.1.02cri. ISSN 0924-1884. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
- ^ "Jean Hollander Obituary (2019) The Times, Trenton". Legacy.com. Retrieved 2022-06-23.
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