List of extinct languages and dialects of Europe
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This article is missing information about the extinction dates of some of the languages and dialects.(November 2023) |
Language Endangerment Status | |
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UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger categories | |
This article is a list of languages and dialects that have no native speakers, no spoken descendents, and diverged from their parent language in Europe.
Currently extinct
Formerly extinct
Language/dialect | Family | Date of extinction | Region | Ethnic group |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cornish | Indo-European | 1700s AD[102] | Cornwall | Cornish people |
Livonian | Uralic | 2 June 2013 AD[103] | Livonian Coast | Livonians |
Manx | Indo-European | 27 December 1974 AD[104] | Isle of Man | Manx people |
See also
References
- ^ "Aequian - MultiTree". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 9 March 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
5th to 3rd centuries BC.
- ^ "Nordisk samekonvensjon" [Nordic Sami Convention] (PDF) (in Norwegian). 26 October 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2007. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
- ^ "Alanic". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 21 January 2015. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
5th century AD.
- ^ "Ancient Macedonian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 22 November 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
- ^ Versteegh, Kees (2006). Eid, Mushira (ed.). Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics. Brill.
- ^ Mozarabic language at the Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^ "xno". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
- ^ Abdurrazak Peler, Gökçe Yükselen (2015). "Tarihte Türk – Ermeni Temasları Sonucunda Ortaya Çıkmış Bir Halk: Ermeni Kıpçakları veya Gregoryan K" [A People Emerged as A Result of Historical Turkic – Armenian Contact: The Armeno-Kipchaks or Gregorian Kipchaks]. Journal of Turkish Studies (in Turkish). 10 (8): 253. doi:10.7827/turkishstudies.8215.
- ^ Broderick, George (2018). "The Arran Place-Name Survey: 1974–1975". The Journal of Scottish Name Studies. 12. University of Mannheim: 4. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
The reputedly last native speaker of Arran Gaelic, Donald Craig (1899–1977)...
- ^ Satter, Raphael (4 October 2012). "Scottish man dies, taking town's unique dialect with him". Toronto Star. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
The last native speaker of Alderney French, a Norman dialect spoken in the Channel Islands, died around 1960.
- ^ Hualde, Jose Ignatio. "Icelandic Basque pidgin". Retrieved 3 June 2024.
...translation of two manuscripts written in Iceland in the seventeenth century. Since the contact situation was interrupted in the first part of the eighteenth century and was of intermittent nature, the contact pidgin probably never developed much further than the stage recorded in the manuscripts.
- ^ "Romani - Gypsies". Crystalinks. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
In Central Europe, the extermination in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was so thorough that the Bohemian Romani language became extinct.
- ^ Charles-Edwards, Thomas (29 November 2012). Wales and the Britons, 350-1064. Oxford University Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0198217312.
- ^ "Volga-Bolgarian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 4 February 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
13th century AD.
- ^ Lockwood, William (1972). A Panorama of Indo-European Languages. Hutchinson. ISBN 0091110211.
- ^ "Camunic". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 6 January 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
Survived until the second half of first millennium BC.
- ^ "Celtiberian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 1 February 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
Circa 175 BC to 100 AD.
- ^ "Cisalpine Gaulish". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
ca. 150-50 BC
- ^ Krause, Todd; Slocum, Jonathan. "The Corpus of Crimean Gothic". University of Texas at Austin. Archived from the original on 2 March 2007. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
- ^ "Cromarty fisherfolk dialect's last native speaker dies". BBC. 2 October 2012. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
- ^ Melnyk, Mykola (2022). Byzantium and the Pechenegs.
István Varró, a member of the Jász-Cuman mission to the empress of Austria Maria Theresa and the known last speaker of the Cuman language, died in 1770.
- ^ Nicolaisen, W. F. H. (1976). Scottish Place-names: Their Study and Significance. Batsford. p. 131. ISBN 0713432535.
- ^ Haarmann, Harald (2002). "Kurisch" [Curonian]. In Okuka, Miloš (ed.). Lexikon der Sprachen des europäischen Ostens. Wieser Enzyklopaedie des europäischen Ostens (in German). Vol. 10. Klagenfurt, Austria: Wieser. p. 957. ISBN 3851295102. OCLC 610229982. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
- ^ "Dacian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 30 December 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
- ^ Roegiest, Eugeen (2006). Vers les sources des langues romanes: un itinéraire linguistique à travers la Romania (in French). Acco. p. 138. ISBN 9033460947.
- ^ "Gaelic in the North East | The School of Language, Literature, Music and Visual Culture | The University of Aberdeen". www.abdn.ac.uk.
- ^ "Ekialdeko nafarra (Euskalkia)" (in Basque). Archived from the original on 10 January 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
- ^ "Elymian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 3 January 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
2nd half of 1st Millennium BC.
- ^ "Eteocretan". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 18 April 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
An ancient language of Crete, 4th-3rd centuries BC.
- ^ "Eteocypriot - MultiTree". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
An ancient language of Cyprus, up to 4th C BC.
- ^ Rix, Helmut (2004). "Etruscan". In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 943–966. ISBN 978-0-521-56256-0.
- ^ "Faliscan". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
650 - 100 BC.
- ^ "Portuguese-Galician". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 10 February 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2024.
870 AD - 1400 AD.
- ^ Stifter, David (2012), Old Celtic Languages (lecture notes), University of Kopenhagen
- ^ Todd B. Krause and Jonathan Slocum. "The Corpus of Crimean Gothic". University of Texas at Austin. Archived from the original on 2 March 2007. Retrieved 6 February 2008.
- ^ "Hernican". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 5 June 2019. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
- ^ Magocsi, Paul R. (2015). With their backs to the mountains: a history of Carpathian Rus' and Carpatho-Rusyns. Budapest: Central European University Press. ISBN 978-963-386-107-3. OCLC 929239528.
- ^ "Iberian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 17 January 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
- ^ Fol, Alexander (2002). Thrace and the Aegean: Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Thracology, Sofia - Yambol, 25–29 September, 2000. Vol. 1. International Foundation Europa Antiqua. p. 225. ISBN 9549071456.
- ^ "Yassic". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
15th century AD?
- ^ "Ladino's Lost Sibling". Medium. 10 July 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
- ^ Nahon, Peter (2023). Les parlers français des israélites du Midi (in French). ELiPhi. pp. 177–179. ISBN 978-2372760669.
- ^ "iso639-3/sjk". Retrieved 16 May 2024.
Extinct now for over 100 years, few written examples of Kemi Sami survive.
- ^ "Khazar". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 4 February 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
6th - 12th century AD.
- ^ "Knaanic". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 13 March 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
c. 700 - 1600 AD.
- ^ "Krevinian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 26 September 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
- ^ Smith, Norval (1994). "An annotated list of creoles, pidgins, and mixed languages". In Arends, Jacque; Muysken, Pieter; Smith, Norval (eds.). Pidgins and Creoles: An Introduction. John Benjamins.
- ^ "Lemnian - MultiTree". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 23 April 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
An ancient language of the Greek island of Lemnos. Until perhaps 400 BC.
- ^ "Lepontic - MultiTree". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 26 December 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
c. 600 BC - 1 BC.
- ^ "Ligurian - MultiTree". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 3 January 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
300 BC- 100 AD.
- ^ "Langobardic - MultiTree". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
- ^ Scheu, Frederick (1964). The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society.
- ^ "Lusitanian - MultiTree". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
2nd Century AD.
- ^ "Marsian - MultiTree". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 14 April 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
300-150 BC.
- ^ "Marrucinian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 3 February 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
The tablet seems to have dated to the mid 3rd century BC.
- ^ Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). Encyclopedia of European Peoples. p. 521.
- ^ Joseph, Brian; Klein, Jared; Wenthe, Mark; Fritz, Matthias (11 June 2018). Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. Vol. 3. De Gruyter. pp. 1839–1840. ISBN 978-3110542431.
- ^ "Minoan - MultiTree". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 3 January 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
Circa 1800 and 1450 BC.
- ^ Post, Rudolf (2004). "Zur Geschichte und Erforschung des Moselromanischen". Rheinische Vierteljahrsblätter. 68: 1–35. ISSN 0035-4473.
- ^ Blokland, Rogier (2003). The Endangered Uralic Languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 108. ISBN 9027247528.
- ^ "FROM PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN TO MYCENAEAN GREEK:A PHONOLOGICAL STUDY" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 May 2024. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
... no tablets or any other inscribed vessels were found from ca. 1200 BC onwards.
- ^ "The Languages of Spain" (PDF). Retrieved 18 May 2024.
Nevertheless, this language would cease to appear in textual communication by the end of the 15th century.
- ^ "iso639-3/nrc". Retrieved 27 February 2024.
- ^ North-western European language evolution: NOWELE, vols. 50–51 (Odense University Press, 2007), p. 240
- ^ The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language (David Crystal, editor); Cambridge University Press, 1987; p. 303: "The Isle of Man was wholly Manx-speaking until the 18th century... the last mother-tongue speakers died in the late 1940s"
- ^ "Old Frisian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
Until 14th century AD.
- ^ "A HISTORY OF THE PRONOMINAL DECLENSION IN THE NOVGOROD DIALECT OF OLD RUSSIAN FROM THE ELEVENTH-CENTURY TO THE SIXTEENTH-CENTURY". ProQuest. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
the 11th century, to the end of the 15th century
- ^ Young, Steven (2008). "Baltic". In Kapović, Mate (ed.). The Indo-European Languages. London: Routledge. pp. 486–518. ISBN 978-03-6786-902-1.
- ^ "Old Turkish". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
- ^ Schrijver, Peter (2016). "Oscan love of Rome". Glotta. 92 (1): 223–226. doi:10.13109/glot.2016.92.1.223. ISSN 0017-1298. Page 2 in the online version.
- ^ "Turkey – Language Reform: From Ottoman To Turkish". Countrystudies.us. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
- ^ "Paelignian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
Very few inscriptions exist, all from the 1st century BC.
- ^ "THE ARABIC WORDS IN PALMYRENE INSCRIPTIONS". ResearchGate. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
The earliest dated Palmyrene inscription is from the year 44 BC and the latest discovery has been dated to the year 274 AD.
- ^ "Pecheneg". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 13 March 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
7th - 12th centuries AD.
- ^ "Neo-Phrygian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
- ^ Wormald, Jenny (25 August 2005). Scotland: A History. Oxford University Press. pp. 28–32. ISBN 0198206151.
- ^ Kapović, Mate (2008), Uvod u indoeuropsku lingvistiku [An introduction to Indo-European linguistics] (in Croatian), Zagreb: Matica hrvatska, p. 109, ISBN 978-953-150-847-6
- ^ "Primitive Irish". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 10 April 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
350-650 AD
- ^ "Punic". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
1st Millennium BC - 600 AD.
- ^ "Script". Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
Magrè-alphabet finds dated to the middle and/or late La Tène period, apart from the above-mentioned ones from the area of Verona, are the Magrè antler pieces, the inscriptions from Bostel, IT-2 from the Inntal, and the Trissino bones. IT-4 is dated by context and may be older than the 1st century BC.
- ^ Bakker, P. & Nielsen, F.S., 2011. Goddeis genter! Mål & mæle, 34(1), pp.13–18.
- ^ "Russenorsk – A Language Sketch" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 January 2017. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
- ^ "Sabine". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 17 April 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
- ^ The Lingua Franca. Natalie Operstein. 2021.
- ^ "Selonian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
Survived until 16th century.
- ^ "Zemgalian : Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe : Blackwell Reference Online". www.blackwellreference.com. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
- ^ "ISO 639-3 Registration Authority Request for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). Retrieved 17 April 2024.
Siculo Arabic is the term used for the variety (or varieties) of Arabic spoken in Sicily under the Arabs and then the Normans from the 9th to 13th centuries.
- ^ Joseph, Brian; Klein, Jared; Wenthe, Mark; Fritz, Matthias (11 June 2018). Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. Vol. 3. De Gruyter. p. 1854. ISBN 978-3110542431.
- ^ Gilbers, Dicky; Schaeken, Joe; Nerbonne, John (2000). Languages in Contact. Rodopi. p. 329. ISBN 9042013222.
- ^ "South Picene - MultiTree". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 9 March 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
6th century BC to 4th century BC.
- ^ "Sudovian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 8 March 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
Until 16th century?
- ^ "Tartessian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 20 December 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
c 700 BC - 100 BC.
- ^ "Thracian - MultiTree". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
1st Millennium BC - 500 AD.
- ^ Koerner, E. F. K. (1 January 1998). First Person Singular III: Autobiographies by North American Scholars in the Language Sciences. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 33. ISBN 978-90-272-4576-2.
- ^ "Umbrian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 9 March 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
Mid-first millennium BC, surviving as late as the 1st century BC.
- ^ Hennings, Thordis (2012). Einführung in das Mittelhochdeutsche [Introduction to Middle High German] (in German) (3 ed.). Berlin: De Gruyter. p. 26. ISBN 978-3-11-025959-9.
- ^ Wallace, Rex (2004). "Venetic". In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages. University of Cambridge. pp. 840–856. ISBN 0-521-56256-2. Archived from the original on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
- ^ "Vestinian - MultiTree". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 9 March 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
250-100 BC.
- ^ "Volscian - MultiTree". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 9 March 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
3rd century BC.
- ^ Hickey, Raymond (2023). "3.6.2 The Dialect of Forth and Bargy". The Oxford Handbook of Irish English. Oxford University Press. p. 48.
After a period of decline, it was replaced entirely in the early nineteenth century by general Irish English of the region.
- ^ Kiwitt, Marc; Zwink, Julia. "Judeo-French". Jewish Languages. Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion. Archived from the original on 13 October 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
- ^ Spriggs, Matthew (2003). Payton, Philip (ed.). "Where Cornish was Spoken and When: A Provisional Synthesis". Cornish Studies. Second Series. 11. Institute of Cornish Studies, University of Exeter Press: 228–269. Archived from the original on 26 April 2023 – via ResearchGate.
- ^ Charter, David (5 June 2013). "Death of a language: last ever speaker of Livonian passes away aged 103". The Times. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
- ^ Broderick, George (2017). "The Last Native Manx Gaelic Speakers. The Final Phase: 'Full' or 'Terminal' in speech?". Studia Celtica Fennic. XIV: 18–57.
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