Cost disease socialism

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Cost disease socialism is a proposed concept by Steven M. Teles, Samuel Hammond, and Daniel Takash of the Niskanen Center, a free-market think tank. It describes an economic pattern in which the subsidy of essential goods and services, coupled with limitations or regulatory constraints on new supply, increases the price without increasing the quantity provided.

History

"Cost disease socialism" was termed by Steven M. Teles, Samuel Hammond, and Daniel Takash, in their 2021 report published through the Niskanen Center.[1][2] Despite the similar name, it is not related to Baumol's cost disease, which is an alternative hypothesis for why costs go up in sectors with slower productivity growth.[3][4] While Baumol's cost disease is focused on services, cost disease socialism can be applied to any essential good or service.[5]

Economic theory

Elastic supply with increased demand. Under these market conditions, when demand is increased due to subsidy, both the quantity provided and the price increase.
Inelastic supply with increased demand. Under these market conditions, when demand is increased due to subsidy, the quantity provided remains limited and the price increases more than it would have if the supply were elastic.

Cost disease socialism contrasts with other theories of why costs become high, such as Baumol's cost disease, luxury goods effects from increasing incomes, rent-seeking, and red tape. Cost disease socialism happens when essential goods or services are subsidized through government or philanthropy, with limitations or regulatory constraints on new supply.[5] The inelasticity of supply coupled with increased demand leads to costs rising more sharply than would be expected if the supply were elastic.[6]

Applications

Healthcare

Kidney dialysis

As of 2021, Medicare is 14% of total federal spending in the United States, and nearly 7% of Medicare money is used for dialysis treatments,[7] which are fully covered.[8] In the United States, dialysis typically takes place in clinics, and costs $87,000 per year.[7] In contrast, other countries use home-based dialysis, which is cheaper and preferred by patients.[9] In the United States, the dialysis industry is an oligopoly, with 83% of the market served by two companies, DaVita and Fresenius.[9] Medicare pays treatment providers per treatment, which may disincentivize better outcomes for the patient, such as preparation for kidney transplant.[9] DaVita employees have been recorded by the Last Week Tonight show misleadingly telling patients that transplant is an equivalent option to dialysis, even though transplant results in a two to three times increased life expectancy.[8]

Hearing aids

As of 2022, 37.5 million people in the United States have hearing loss but only 20% use a hearing aid.[10] Senator Bernie Sanders added a provision to the Build Back Better Plan to increase government subsidy for hearing aids.[10] The plan did not pass, and Hammond, Takash, and Teles criticized the plan, saying that "socializing costs while restricting supply will produce greater inflation".[1] Later that year, United States president Joe Biden signed an executive order allowing hearing aids for hearing loss diagnosed as less than severe to be sold over the counter without a prescription, which is expected to result in 63 million dollars per year in savings for consumers on hearing device products.[11]

Secondary education

In 2017, the New York Federal Reserve found that when subsidy of student loans was increased, 60% of the increase translated directly into tuition fee hikes, without any change in the secondary education that students were receiving.[12] The Niskanen Center holds that supply of essential goods is often constrained by regulation;[7] critics, such as Noah Smith, cite that overregulation is not a complete explanation of why higher education is so expensive.[6] Aside from the supply, the quality of secondary education needs to improve for it to be worthwhile. At for-profit colleges, students who complete their degrees earn $3,500 to $4,000 more on average per year. Students who started secondary education without necessarily finishing it had on average a negative salary change, perhaps because dropping out of college is a negative signal on a resumé.[13] A study found that increases in the cost of providing secondary education from 2003 to 2013 were largely driven by increases in the numbers of non-teaching student services and administrative staff at schools.[14]

Housing

One paper estimates that if housing were not constrained in the cities of New York, San Francisco, and San Jose, the United States GDP would be 4% higher.[15] This is because high rents cost more money without increasing productivity. In the average city, a tech worker moving in creates five other jobs; in San Francisco, local economist Tom Egan estimates that the same professional creates just over two jobs on average because so much of people's income goes towards rent.[16] According to the cost disease socialism theory, government attempts to alleviate the high cost of rent through subsidies and rent controls lead to higher prices in the absence of regulatory attempts to increase the supply of housing.[7] Additionally, some researchers find that rent control can have a net negative effect even for tenants under rent control, taking into account decreased landlord incentive to maintain housing quality, and tenants not being able to move out of poor quality housing due to higher prices in the uncontrolled sector.[17]

Child care

The Build Back Better plan proposed in 2021 was called Hammond, Takash, and Teles "an extreme example" of cost disease socialism when it came to child care. The bill included subsidizing 90% of child care costs while increasing them through increasing child care provider salaries and mandating child care provider credentials.[1] The bill could also have potentially reduced supply by disallowing some informal care programs, such as those hosted by religious institutions.[18]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Hammond, Samuel; Takash, Daniel; Teles, Steven (November 18, 2021). "Opinion | Want More Affordable Housing and Health Care? Here's a Fix". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 28, 2022.
  2. ^ The original Cost Disease Socialism whitepaper from the Niskanen Center: https://www.niskanencenter.org/cost-disease-socialism-how-subsidizing-costs-while-restricting-supply-drives-americas-fiscal-imbalance/
  3. ^ Baumol, W. J.; Bowen, W. G. (March 1965). "On the Performing Arts: The Anatomy of Their Economic Problems" (PDF). The American Economic Review. 55 (1/2): 495–502. JSTOR 1816292.
  4. ^ Lee, Timothy B. (May 4, 2017). "William Baumol, whose famous economic theory explains the modern world, has died". Vox. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
  5. ^ a b Klein, Ezra (September 19, 2021). "Opinion | The Economic Mistake Democrats Are Finally Confronting - The New York Times". The New York Times. Retrieved May 27, 2022.
  6. ^ a b Smith, Noah (October 18, 2021). "Beware shoveling money at overpriced service industries" (Substack newsletter). Noahpinion. Retrieved December 9, 2022.
  7. ^ a b c d "Cost Disease Socialism: How Subsidizing Costs While Restricting Supply Drives America's Fiscal Imbalance". Niskanen Center. September 9, 2021. Retrieved May 27, 2022.
  8. ^ a b Matthews, Dylan (May 15, 2017). "John Oliver targets dialysis, a procedure that's exhausting, deadly, and very profitable". Vox. Retrieved November 28, 2022.
  9. ^ a b c Matthews, Dylan (July 10, 2019). "A new Trump executive order on kidneys could save thousands of lives". Vox. Retrieved November 28, 2022.
  10. ^ a b Lane, Charles (February 15, 2022). "Opinion | On helping people hear better, Biden lets markets have their say". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved December 2, 2022.
  11. ^ Chappell, Bill (August 18, 2022). "Over-the-counter hearing aids will bring relief, but with some confusion". NPR. Retrieved December 2, 2022.
  12. ^ Lucca, David O; Nadauld, Taylor; Shen, Karen (February 1, 2019). "Credit Supply and the Rise in College Tuition: Evidence from the Expansion in Federal Student Aid Programs". The Review of Financial Studies. 32 (2): 423–466. doi:10.1093/rfs/hhy069. hdl:10419/120838. ISSN 0893-9454. Retrieved December 9, 2022.
  13. ^ Lam, Bourree (June 1, 2016). "Most For-Profit Students Wind Up Worse Off Than If They Had Never Enrolled in the First Place". The Atlantic. Retrieved December 9, 2022.
  14. ^ Desrochers, Donna M.; Hurlburt, Steven (January 1, 2016). Trends in College Spending: 2003-2013. Where Does the Money Come From? Where Does It Go? What Does It Buy? (Report). Delta Cost Project at American Institutes for Research. Retrieved December 9, 2022.
  15. ^ Hsieh, Chang-Tai; Moretti, Enrico (April 2019). "Housing Constraints and Spatial Misallocation". American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics. 11 (2): 1–39. doi:10.1257/mac.20170388. ISSN 1945-7707. S2CID 29070207.
  16. ^ "How Burrowing Owls Lead To Vomiting Anarchists (Or SF's Housing Crisis Explained) | TechCrunch". April 15, 2014. Retrieved January 16, 2023.
  17. ^ Early, Dirk W. (September 1, 2000). "Rent Control, Rental Housing Supply, and the Distribution of Tenant Benefits". Journal of Urban Economics. 48 (2): 185–204. doi:10.1006/juec.1999.2163. ISSN 0094-1190. Retrieved January 16, 2023.
  18. ^ Broadwater, Luke (November 15, 2021). "Biden's Child Care Plan Faces Resistance From Religious Groups". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 16, 2023.
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