Charles Brudenell-Bruce, 1st Marquess of Ailesbury

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The Most Honourable
The Marquess of Ailesbury
KT
Charles Brudenell-Bruce, 1st Marquess of Ailesbury (William Beechey)
Member of Parliament
for Marlborough
In office
1801–1814
Succeeded by
Member of the Great Britain Parliament
for Marlborough
In office
1796–1800
Preceded by
Personal details
Born
Charles Brudenell-Bruce

(1773-02-14)14 February 1773
Died4 January 1856(1856-01-04) (aged 82)
Tottenham, Wiltshire, England
NationalityBritish
Spouses
  • Henrietta Maria Hill
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1793; died 1831)​
  • Maria Elizabeth Clarke
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1833)​
Children5, including George, Ernest, and Charles
Parents
EducationUniversity of Leyden
Military service
AllegianceRoyal Berkshire Militia
Branch/serviceRoyal Wiltshire Yeomanry
Years of service1792–1827
RankColonel

Charles Brudenell-Bruce, 1st Marquess of Ailesbury KT (14 February 1773 – 4 January 1856), styled The Honourable Charles Brudenell-Bruce from birth until 1783, Lord Bruce from 1783 to 1814 and The Earl of Ailesbury from 1814 to 1821, was a British peer and politician.

Background

Brudenell-Bruce was the third and only surviving son of Thomas Brudenell-Bruce, 1st Earl of Ailesbury and his first wife, Susanna, daughter and coheiress of Henry Hoare, banker, of Stourhead, and the widow of Viscount Dungarvan. He was educated privately abroad in Italy from 1783 before being sent up to the University of Leyden.

A traditional description of Lord Bruce was provided by Lady Malmesbury when they met on several occasions on the Grand Tour in 1791.

"quite Lord Ailesbury just out of the shell – which, by the by, is no bad comparison, for they are like unfledged turkeys... a sad goose, but a good humoured creature and so desperately in love with the Duchess de Fleury it is quite melancholy, Lord Malmesbury says he is in love like a rabbit with a bunch of parsley".[1]

In the 1760s his father had laid out the gardens at Tottenham Park with the help of Lancelot "Capability" Brown. Tottenham Park was of great extent and moderate beauty.[2] Formal avenues were planted leading up to the house, in the extensive Savernake Forest, which surrounded the cluster of aristocratic estates in east Wiltshire. The valley was good-grade farmland, where Lord Bruce's client-burgesses of Marlborough had rights to graze.[3] His father erected tall statuary in a garden within a flat parkland landscape. When he inherited in 1814, Charles was determined to re-build and enlarge the house to a design by Thomas Cundy.[4] The Marquess's ancestral "Rooms in the woods" distinguished his High Tory politics.[5]

Military career

In March 1792, he joined the Berkshire Militia as an ensign.[6] In 1796 he was appointed captain of the Marlborough Yeomanry. He was promoted to colonel the Wiltshire Yeomanry in 1797.[7] He was colonel of the Wiltshire Militia in 1811–27, a largely honorary appointment, although his record was one of sabre-rattling against the French, behaving for the most part like an Ultra.

Political career

Coats of Arms of Charles Brudenell-Bruce

From an early age his father wanted him to have management control of the family's electoral interest at Marlborough, in which place he continued until inheriting his father's estates. He was Member of Parliament for Marlborough from 1796 until 19 April 1814, when he succeeded to his father's titles of Baron Bruce of Tottenham House and the earldom of Ailesbury.

Lord Bruce was not a regular attender of debates in the Commons. He frequently disappointed the government's attempts to whip his vote. On 19 February 1801, he supported an opposition motion calling for an inquiry into the failed Ferrol Expedition.[8] He joined only twenty other MPs in rejecting the Peace of Amiens on 14 May 1802. Pitt's Irish Secretary imagined that Bruce was a Tory supporter of the navy, but on every vote, he opposed the Orders of the Day in the Commons. From 3 June 1803 to March 1804, there were numerous votes in which Bruce did not line up with Pitt's ministry, and he continued this record into the brief Addington ministry.[9]

However, Bruce did support the Tory Irish Volunteer bill on 16 April 1804. Thereafter he returned to the Pittite loyalties opposing Melville's Censure motion on 18 April 1805. On Pitt's death he was among those Tory MPs who foregathered to discuss the future.[10] Grenville chose to repeal the Additional Forces Acts 1803, to which Bruce raised an objection as the war against France was raging in Europe, specifically with reference to the debate on 30 April 1806, being only one of thirty to vote against. He raised an objection to the government on the election petition for Hampshire for 13 February 1807. Bruce was "adverse" to the abolition of the slave trade when it was debated in the Commons taking the traditional laissez-faire economic principles; omitting to recall it was a new century.

On 16 March 1807 Bruce was arrested and taken into custody for defaulting on payment of fees. The House banned him from sitting, as the law prohibited bankrupts from being members. Nevertheless, he had the nerve to apply to the Duke of Portland's administration for a marquessate, which was needless to say rejected out of hand.[11]

Bruce supported the Scheldt Question that developed in 1810 from the Walcheren Expedition of 1809. Having destroyed the League of Armed Neutrality, the Royal Navy decided to prevent the Dutch from becoming agents of Bonapartism. The Admiralty enquiry had to determine whether the loss of life had been worthwhile. And votes were taken on 23 February, and 30 March 1810 to this effect. The Whiggish aristocrats despaired of his ambiguous voting record. He supported Spencer Perceval's attempts to pass a Regency bill to regularize Prince George's assumption of the monarch's duties and civil list on New Year's Day 1811.

The general election saw a convincing victory for the new Liberal Tory Prime Minister Lord Liverpool, caused by Perceval's assassination. The following year he voted against the Catholic Relief bill on 24 May 1813. Bruce became firmly associated with the Ultras. He adhered rigidly to the whig constitution, opposing any relaxation of the franchise, and became associated with the Duke of Wellington's Tories. Ailesbury left the Commons on 19 April 1814, when he inherited the courtesy earldom of Ailesbury, and the barony Bruce of Tottenham, co. Wiltshire.

In the House of Lords

Ailesbury was appointed a Knight of the Thistle on 20 May 1819. Lord Brudenell-Bruce was raised to a number of peerages being created 1st Viscount Savernake of Savernake Forest, 1st Earl Bruce of Whorlton, co. York and, 1st Marquess of Ailesbury on 17 July 1821, with many other peers for the occasion of George IV's coronation, after much lobbying of the new king's patronage, whose tutor his father had been.[12]

Ailesbury was lord and master of all he surveyed in the borough of Marlborough, holding virtually all the voters in his pocket, so alleged the whig reformer, Henry Hobhouse MP in the Great Reform bill debates of 1831.[13] He signed the Earl of Mansfield's dissentient protest during the third reading of the bill.[14] In 1843 Ailesbury voted against a bill to remove restrictions on Jews from becoming members. He was amongst a large number of Tory peers in the die-hard lobbies against extending the franchise.[15]

Lord Ailesbury was on the independent benches in the House of Lords, but he had liberal leanings, supporting the Whig governments. On 1 Feb 1849, he responded to the Queen's loyal address "...if not that, pursuing so unusual a course, he might appear to be acting disrespectfully towards their lordships, and perhaps to some degree towards Her Majesty..." He supported the reformist agenda of the Whig government, particularly in foreign relations. He was strongly in favour of Palmerston's gunboat diplomacy, and supported a joint task force with France to bombard Naples and Sicily to end the atrocities there in 1849. He would not propose any reductions in the army numbers, because adequate defences were needed for each colony far in excess of those present. He required the "presence of the noble and gallant Duke" with no reduction in the Artillery. Indeed, he thought the artillery should be supplemented by cuts to the infantry. He agreed with the earl of Yarborough's warnings of revolutionary Europe posed to Britain. He encouraged adding to the powers of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and applauded the emergency powers introduced in 1848.[16]

On 8 May, Lord Ailesbury appealed to the Lords to open their eyes to the realities of free trade. He called for the repeal of the Navigation Laws:

"The various colonies of this country first themselves aggrieved by the course pursued by the mother country with respect to the adoption of free trade measures, and they claimed as some compensation for the injury they had sustained, the removal of the burdens imposed upon them by the existing navigation laws."

Intercommunication was between all parts of the globe, so it was natural to allow sailors to trade their labour. It was essentially part of a free trade system that Lord Ailesbury wished to assert.[17]

Family

On 10 April 1793, Brudenell-Bruce married at Florence, the Hon. Henrietta Maria Hill, daughter of Noel Hill. She died on 2 January 1831. They had six children:

After his wife's death in 1831, the Marquess settled his affairs. By deed, he put into trust his considerable estates for his eldest son, houses at Seymour Place and East Sheen in London, as well as a 99-year lease on lands in Wiltshire and Yorkshire. The allowance paid him also met mortgage charges on a debt of £104,000.[22]

The Marquess married secondly Maria Elizabeth, second daughter of Hon Charles Tollemache, of Harrington, Northants, (by his second wife, Gertrude Florinda Clarke, widow of Charles John Clarke, and daughter of Gen William Gardiner),[23][24] 3rd son of John Manners MP of Hanby Hall, Lincs.[25] Gertrude Florinda Gardiner was also a granddaughter of Louisa Tollemache, 7th Countess of Dysart. They were married on 20 August 1833 at Ham House, Petersham, Surrey. They had one son, Lord Charles William (1834 –1897), a soldier and courtier. She died at Petersham on 7 May 1893, aged eighty-three.

On Lord Ailesbury's death in January 1856 at Tottenham Park, his titles passed to his eldest son, George. He was buried at Great Bedwyn churchyard. His will was proven in July 1856.[26]

Sources

Manuscripts

  • 1790–99: Continental travel diaries[27]
  • 1813–30: Letters to Sir R.J.Buxton[28]
  • 1824–31: Letters to his daughter, Mrs F.Wentworth[29]
  • Correspondence during the Grand Tour[30]
  • 1841–44: Correspondence – 10 terms – with Sir Robert Peel[31]
  • 1674–1985: Additional estate and family papers[32]

References

  1. ^ Lady Minto's Diaries, vol.1, pp.400; 403
  2. ^ WSRO 1300/360
  3. ^ Rev Francis told his grandfather in 1771 that his lordship had "absolute power" over the burgesses. Constituency of Marlborough, 1754-90 at History of Parliament Online
  4. ^ WSRO 1300/371; Mowl, Historic gardens, p.105-8
  5. ^ Mowl, p.105
  6. ^ Emma Elizabeth Thoyts, History of the Royal Berkshire Militia (Now 3rd Battalion Royal Berks Regiment), Sulhamstead, Berks, 1897/Scholar Select, ISBN 978-1-37645405-5, p. 264.
  7. ^ War Office, A List of the Officers of the Militia, the Gentlemen & Yeomanry Cavalry, and Volunteer Infantry of the United Kingdom, 11th Edn, London: War Office, 14 October 1805/Uckfield: Naval and Military Press, 2005, ISBN 978-1-84574-207-2.
  8. ^ The Times, 24 February 1801
  9. ^ British Library Add MS 35714, f. 109; Wickham Mss 1/9/5.
  10. ^ The Rose Diaries, vol.ii, p.239
  11. ^ Earl of Cardigan, "The Wardens of Savernake Forest", p.295; Geo III's correspondence, vol.iv, cl.3428.
  12. ^ Thorne, R. G. "BRUDENELL BRUCE, Charles Bruce, Lord Bruce (1773-1856)". History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
  13. ^ HC Deb 15 April 1831 vol 3 cc1404
  14. ^ HL Deb 4 June 1832 vol 13 cc349-79
  15. ^ HL Deb 25 May 1848 vol 98 cc1409
  16. ^ HL Deb 1 Feb 1849, vol.102 cc.5-72
  17. ^ HL Deb 8 May 1849.
  18. ^ "UK, Foreign and Overseas Registers of British Subjects, 1628–1969 for Maria Caroline Bruce". Ancestry.com.
  19. ^ Debrett, John (1822). The Peerage of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In Two Volumes. The Fourteenth Edition, Considerably Improved. Vol. I: England. Vol. I (14th ed.). London: G. Woodfall. p. 295.
  20. ^ "Genealogical Memoir of Lady Augusta Wentworth". The Court Magazine and Monthly Critic; Containing Original Papers, by Distinguished Writers, and Finely Engraved Portraits and Landscapes, from Paintings by Eminent Masters. X: 223. 1837.
  21. ^ "London, England, Church of England Baptisms, Marriages and Burials, 1538–1812 for Ernest Augustus Charles Brudenell". Ancestry.com.
  22. ^ dated 30 May 1842, trust deed of Savernake Estate MSS; Thompson (1958), p.121
  23. ^ England, Select Marriages, 1538-1973
  24. ^ Westminster, London, England, Church of England Marriages and Banns, 1754-1935
  25. ^ "Maria Elizabeth (Tollemache), Marchioness of Ailesbury (1809–1895), Artist and second wife of Charles Bruce, 1st Marquess of Ailesbury". National Portrait Gallery, London.
  26. ^ "Marchioness of Ailesbury". Library of Nineteenth-Century Photography. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  27. ^ WRO 9/35/358-59; NRA 30725 Brudenell-Bruce
  28. ^ Cambridge University Library, Buxton Papers; NRA 42238
  29. ^ Sheffield City Archives, X44
  30. ^ WRO HMC 15th Report, appendix vii, Ailesbury MSS.
  31. ^ British Library Add MSS 40405-40533 passim.
  32. ^ WSHC 3790; Annual Return 2009
  • Thompson, F M L (1958). "The English landownership: The Ailesbury Trust 1832–56". The Economic History Review. 11 (1): 121–132.
  • Mowl, Timothy (2004). Historic Gardens of Wiltshire. Stroud: Tempus. pp. 105–108.

Glossary

  • WRO – Wiltshire Record Office
  • WSHC – Wiltshire and Swindon History Centre
  • BL – British Library
  • HMC – Historical Manuscripts Commission
  • NRA – National Register of Archives
  • CUL – Cambridge University Library
  • NRAS – National Register of Archives for Scotland.

External links

Parliament of Great Britain
Preceded by Member of Parliament for Marlborough
1796–1800
Served alongside: Hon. James Bruce 1796–1797
Robert Brudenell 1797–1800 		Succeeded by
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by
Parliament of Great Britain
 Member of Parliament for Marlborough
1801–1814
Served alongside: Robert Brudenell 1801–1802
James Leigh 1802–06
Earl of Dalkeith 1806–07
Viscount Stopford 1807–1810
Edward Stopford 1810–1814 		Succeeded by
Peerage of Great Britain
Preceded by Earl of Ailesbury
1814–1856 		Succeeded by
Baron Bruce of Tottenham
(descended by acceleration)
1814–1838
Peerage of the United Kingdom
New creation Marquess of Ailesbury
1821–1856 		Succeeded by
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