1988 Arizona Senate election

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Not to be confused with 1988 United States Senate election in Arizona.

1988 Arizona Senate election
← 1986 November 8, 1988 1990 →
All 30 seats of the Arizona Senate
16 seats needed for a majority
  Majority party Minority party
 
Leader Robert B. Usdane Alan Stephens
Party Republican Democratic
Leader's seat 28th 6th
Seats before 19 11
Seats after 17 13
Seat change Decrease2 Increase2
Senate President before election

Carl J. Kunasek[1]
Republican

Elected Senate President

Robert B. Usdane[2]
Republican

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The 1988 Arizona Senate election was held on November 8, 1988. Voters elected members of the Arizona Senate in all 30 of the state's legislative districts to serve a two-year term. Primary elections were held on September 13, 1988.[3]

Prior to the elections, the Republicans held a majority of 19 seats over the Democrats' 11 seats.

Following the election, Republicans maintained control of the chamber with 17 Republicans to 13 Democrats, a net gain of two seats for Democrats.[4]

The newly elected senators served in the 39th Arizona State Legislature.

Retiring Incumbents

Republicans

  1. District 13: Greg Lunn
  2. District 15: S.H. "Hal" Runyan
  3. District 18: Tony West

Incumbents Defeated in Primary Elections

Republicans

  1. District 21: Carl J. Kunasek
  2. District 26: Peter Kay
  3. District 29: Jack J. Taylor

Incumbents Defeated in General Elections

Republican

  1. District 8: Carol Lee Macdonald

Summary of Results by Arizona State Legislative District

District Incumbent Party Elected Senator Outcome
1st John U. Hays Rep John U. Hays Rep Hold
2nd Tony Gabaldon Dem Tony Gabaldon Dem Hold
3rd James Henderson Jr. Dem James Henderson Jr. Dem Hold
4th A.V. "Bill" Hardt Dem A.V. "Bill" Hardt Dem Hold
5th Jones Osborn Dem Jones Osborn Dem Hold
6th Alan J. Stephens Dem Alan J. Stephens Dem Hold
7th Peter Rios Dem Peter Rios Dem Hold
8th Carol Lee Macdonald Rep Gus Arzberger Dem Gain
9th Jeffrey J. Hill Rep Jeffrey J. Hill Rep Hold
10th Jesus "Chuy" Higuera Dem Jesus "Chuy" Higuera Dem Hold
11th Jaime P. Gutierrez Dem Jaime P. Gutierrez Dem Hold
12th John T. Mawhinney Rep John T. Mawhinney Rep Hold
13th Greg Lunn Rep David C. Bartlett Dem Gain
14th William J. "Bill" DeLong Rep William J. "Bill" DeLong Rep Hold
15th S.H. "Hal" Runyan Rep Bob Denny Rep Hold
16th Wayne Stump Rep Wayne Stump Rep Hold
17th Patricia "Pat" Wright Rep Patricia "Pat" Wright Rep Hold
18th Tony West Rep Leo Corbet Rep Hold
19th Jan Brewer Rep Jan Brewer Rep Hold
20th Lela Alston Dem Lela Alston Dem Hold
21st Carl J. Kunasek Rep Jerry Gillespie Rep Hold
22nd Manuel "Lito" Peña Jr. Dem Manuel "Lito" Peña Jr. Dem Hold
23rd Carolyn Walker Dem Carolyn Walker Dem Hold
24th Pete Corpstein Rep Pete Corpstein Rep Hold
25th Jacque Steiner Rep Jacque Steiner Rep Hold
26th Peter Kay Rep Tom Patterson Rep Hold
27th Doug Todd Rep Doug Todd Rep Hold
28th Robert B. Usdane Rep Robert B. Usdane Rep Hold
29th Jack J. Taylor Rep Lester N. Pearce Rep Hold
30th James J. Sossaman Rep James J. Sossaman Rep Hold

Detailed Results

District 1 • District 2 • District 3 • District 4 • District 5 • District 6 • District 7 • District 8 • District 9 • District 10 • District 11 • District 12 • District 13 • District 14 • District 15 • District 16 • District 17 • District 18 • District 19 • District 20 • District 21 • District 22 • District 23 • District 24 • District 25 • District 26 • District 27 • District 28 • District 29 • District 30

District 1

Republican Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican John Hays (incumbent) 9,442 52.36%
Republican Shirley Mac-Noye 6,798 37.70%
Republican Philip Beeson 1,794 9.95%
Total votes 18,034 100.00%
General Election Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican John Hays (incumbent) 33,327 65.75%
Independent Marion L. Bigelow 17,364 34.25%
Total votes 50,691 100.00%
Republican hold

District 2

Democratic Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Tony Gabaldon (incumbent) 7,729 100.00%
Total votes 7,729 100.00%
Republican Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Jim Lee 7,066 100.00%
Total votes 7,066 100.00%
General Election Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Tony Gabaldon (incumbent) 26,846 59.61%
Republican Jim Lee 18,192 40.39%
Total votes 45,038 100.00%
Democratic hold

District 3

Democratic Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic James Henderson Jr. (incumbent) 5,766 55.68%
Democratic Steven A. Darden 4,590 44.32%
Total votes 10,356 100.00%
Republican Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Paul Platero[a] 59 100.00%
Total votes 59 100.00%
General Election Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic James Henderson Jr. (incumbent) 20,302 100.00%
Total votes 20,302 100.00%
Democratic hold

District 4

Democratic Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic A. V. "Bill" Hardt (incumbent) 12,127 100.00%
Total votes 12,127 100.00%
Republican Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Brenda Udall 3,878 100.00%
Total votes 3,878 100.00%
General Election Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic A. V. "Bill" Hardt (incumbent) 18,006 57.87%
Republican Brenda Udall 13,109 42.13%
Total votes 31,115 100.00%
Democratic hold

District 5

Democratic Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Jones Osborn (incumbent) 6,326 100.00%
Total votes 6,326 100.00%
Republican Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Arnold E. "Arnie" Bulick 3,456 100.00%
Total votes 3,456 100.00%
General Election Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Jones Osborn (incumbent) 16,395 63.94%
Republican Arnold E. "Arnie" Bulick 9,248 36.06%
Total votes 25,643 100.00%
Democratic hold

District 6

Democratic Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Alan Stephens (incumbent) 6,143 100.00%
Total votes 6,143 100.00%
Republican Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Juan S. Bautista Jr.[a] 380 100.00%
Total votes 380 100.00%
General Election Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Alan Stephens (incumbent) 22,304 99.50%
Republican Juan S. Bautista Jr.[b] 113 0.50%
Total votes 22,417 100.00%
Democratic hold

District 7

Democratic Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Peter Rios (incumbent) 7,680 65.94%
Democratic Jerry Michaels 3,967 34.06%
Total votes 11,647 100.00%
Republican Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Mari Gardner 2,892 100.00%
Total votes 2,892 100.00%
General Election Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Peter Rios (incumbent) 18,761 62.65%
Republican Mari Gardner 11,183 37.35%
Total votes 29,944 100.00%
Democratic hold

District 8

Democratic Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Gus Arzberger 8,397 63.17%
Democratic Marjory "Marge" Ollson 4,895 36.83%
Total votes 13,292 100.00%
Republican Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Carol Lee Macdonald (incumbent) 3,131 94.36%
Republican Clay Smith[a] 187 5.64%
Total votes 3,318 100.00%
General Election Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Gus Arzberger 15,767 56.03%
Republican Carol Lee Macdonald (incumbent) 12,371 43.97%
Total votes 28,138 100.00%
Democratic gain from Republican

District 9

Democratic Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Marjel J. De Lauer 6,974 100.00%
Total votes 6,974 100.00%
Republican Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Jeffrey J. Hill (incumbent) 7,242 100.00%
Total votes 7,242 100.00%
General Election Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Jeffrey J. Hill (incumbent) 21,979 52.95%
Democratic Marjel J. De Lauer 19,531 47.05%
Total votes 41,510 100.00%
Republican hold

District 10

Democratic Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Jesus "Chuy" Higuera (incumbent) 2,954 41.58%
Democratic Marcario Saldate 2,792 39.30%
Democratic Doug Shakel 1,358 19.12%
Total votes 7,104 100.00%
General Election Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Jesus "Chuy" Higuera (incumbent) 14,606 99.01%
Republican Joseph L. Gartrell[b] 146 0.99%
Total votes 14,752 100.00%
Democratic hold

District 11

Democratic Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Jaime P. Gutierrez (incumbent) 7,513 100.00%
Total votes 7,513 100.00%
General Election Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Jaime P. Gutierrez (incumbent) 24,930 100.00%
Total votes 24,930 100.00%
Democratic hold

District 12

Democratic Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Reid Ewing 7,610 100.00%
Total votes 7,610 100.00%
Republican Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican John T. Mawhinney (incumbent) 6,144 100.00%
Total votes 6,144 100.00%
General Election Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican John T. Mawhinney (incumbent) 25,124 51.01%
Democratic Reid Ewing 24,133 48.99%
Total votes 49,257 100.00%
Republican hold

District 13

Democratic Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic David C. Bartlett 8,132 100.00%
Total votes 8,132 100.00%
Republican Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Robert Bayne 6,696 77.72%
Republican Albert "Slick" C. Williams 1,919 22.28%
Total votes 8,615 100.00%
General Election Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic David C. Bartlett 26,585 57.16%
Republican Robert Bayne 19,925 42.84%
Total votes 46,510 100.00%
Democratic gain from Republican

District 14

Democratic Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Craig Runyon 3,942 53.18%
Democratic Harold Hyams 3,471 46.82%
Total votes 7,413 100.00%
Republican Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Bill De Long (incumbent) 5,778 63.35%
Republican Ken Chiaro 3,343 36.65%
Total votes 9,121 100.00%
General Election Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Bill De Long (incumbent) 24,441 61.87%
Democratic Craig Runyon 15,063 38.13%
Total votes 39,504 100.00%
Republican hold

District 15

Democratic Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Pat Bosch 5,403 100.00%
Total votes 5,403 100.00%
Republican Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Bob Denny 9,904 100.00%
Total votes 9,904 100.00%
General Election Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Bob Denny 24,667 61.91%
Democratic Pat Bosch 15,174 38.09%
Total votes 39,841 100.00%
Republican hold

District 16

Democratic Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Stan Furman 4,138 100.00%
Total votes 4,138 100.00%
Republican Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Wayne Stump (incumbent) 4,508 51.86%
Republican Jack Kearney 4,184 48.14%
Total votes 8,692 100.00%
General Election Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Wayne Stump (incumbent) 19,414 52.95%
Democratic Stan Furman 17,248 47.05%
Total votes 36,662 100.00%
Republican hold

District 17

Democratic Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Ray Reese 4,472 100.00%
Total votes 4,472 100.00%
Republican Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Patricia D. "Pat" Wright (incumbent) 8,693 100.00%
Total votes 8,693 100.00%
General Election Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Patricia D. "Pat" Wright (incumbent) 24,735 67.34%
Democratic Ray Reese 11,998 32.66%
Total votes 36,733 100.00%
Republican hold

District 18

Democratic Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Madelene Van Arsdell 4,513 100.00%
Total votes 4,513 100.00%
Republican Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Leo Corbet 7,375 68.57%
Republican Ronald J. Bellus 3,380 31.43%
Total votes 10,755 100.00%
General Election Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Leo Corbet 21,187 58.26%
Democratic Madelene Van Arsdell 15,177 41.74%
Total votes 36,364 100.00%
Republican hold

District 19

Democratic Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Carol A. Griffin 3,397 58.12%
Democratic Don Nilles 2,448 41.88%
Total votes 5,845 100.00%
Republican Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Jan Brewer (incumbent) 9,940 100.00%
Total votes 9,940 100.00%
General Election Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Jan Brewer (incumbent) 33,852 64.79%
Democratic Carol A. Griffin 18,396 35.21%
Total votes 52,248 100.00%
Republican hold

District 20

Democratic Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Lela Alston (incumbent) 4,866 100.00%
Total votes 4,866 100.00%
Republican Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Ted Humes 4,311 100.00%
Total votes 4,311 100.00%
General Election Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Lela Alston (incumbent) 16,605 59.16%
Republican Ted Humes 11,461 40.84%
Total votes 28,066 100.00%
Democratic hold

District 21

Democratic Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic William E. "Bill" Hegarty 4,835 100.00%
Total votes 4,835 100.00%
Republican Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Jerry Gillespie 7,229 55.28%
Republican Carl J. Kunasek (incumbent) 5,849 44.72%
Total votes 13,078 100.00%
General Election Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Jerry Gillespie 23,792 52.59%
Democratic William E. "Bill" Hegarty 21,445 47.41%
Total votes 45,237 100.00%
Republican hold

District 22

Democratic Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Manuel "Lito" Peña Jr. (incumbent) 2,540 61.04%
Democratic Charles E. Hall Jr. 1,621 38.96%
Total votes 4,161 100.00%
Republican Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Richard Adams 1,315 100.00%
Total votes 1,315 100.00%
Libertarian Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Libertarian Paul Miller[a] 3 100.00%
Total votes 3 100.00%
General Election Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Manuel "Lito" Peña Jr. (incumbent) 9,954 63.98%
Republican Richard Adams 4,830 31.05%
Libertarian Paul Miller 773 4.97%
Total votes 15,557 100.00%
Democratic hold

District 23

Democratic Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Carolyn Walker (incumbent) 3,159 56.20%
Democratic Ben Miranda 2,462 43.80%
Total votes 5,621 100.00%
Republican Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Mary Fuentes Carr 1,020 100.00%
Total votes 1,020 100.00%
New Alliance Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
New Alliance Carolyn T. Lowery 2 100.00%
Total votes 2 100.00%
General Election Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Carolyn Walker (incumbent) 10,627 73.03%
Republican Mary Fuentes Carr 3,504 24.08%
New Alliance Carolyn T. Lowery 420 2.89%
Republican Samuel Wesley[b] 0 0.00%
Total votes 14,551 100.00%
Democratic hold

District 24

Republican Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Pete Corpstein (incumbent) 10,586 100.00%
Total votes 10,586 100.00%
Libertarian Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Libertarian Marilyn Titschinger 44 100.00%
Total votes 44 100.00%
General Election Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Pete Corpstein (incumbent) 39,896 80.70%
Libertarian Marilyn Titschinger 9,544 19.30%
Total votes 49,440 100.00%
Republican hold

District 25

Democratic Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Jeffrey R. Finley 4,587 100.00%
Total votes 4,587 100.00%
Republican Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Jacque Steiner (incumbent) 4,625 59.65%
Republican Craig I. Willison 3,128 40.35%
Total votes 7,753 100.00%
General Election Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Jacque Steiner (incumbent) 18,727 60.34%
Democratic Jeffrey R. Finley 12,307 39.66%
Total votes 31,034 100.00%
Republican hold

District 26

Democratic Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Deborah Linzer 4,242 100.00%
Total votes 4,242 100.00%
Republican Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Tom Patterson 5,855 59.90%
Republican Peter Kay (incumbent) 3,920 40.10%
Total votes 9,775 100.00%
General Election Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Tom Patterson 19,573 54.75%
Democratic Deborah Linzer 16,176 45.25%
Total votes 35,749 100.00%
Republican hold

District 27

Republican Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Doug Todd (incumbent) 6,240 56.89%
Republican Bill Valentic 4,729 43.11%
Total votes 10,969 100.00%
Libertarian Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Libertarian Ken Van Doren[a] 9 100.00%
Total votes 9 100.00%
General Election Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Doug Todd (incumbent) 32,435 78.67%
Libertarian Ken Van Doren 4,959 12.03%
Independent Ilias Kostopoulos 3,833 9.30%
Total votes 41,227 100.00%
Republican hold

District 28

Republican Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Robert B. Usdane (incumbent) 11,410 100.00%
Total votes 11,410 100.00%
General Election Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Robert B. Usdane (incumbent) 49,626 100.00%
Total votes 49,626 100.00%
Republican hold

District 29

Republican Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Lester N. Pearce 5,935 56.86%
Republican Jack J. Taylor (incumbent) 4,503 43.14%
Total votes 10,438 100.00%
General Election Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Lester N. Pearce 24,240 100.00%
Total votes 24,240 100.00%
Republican hold

District 30

Republican Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican James J. Sossaman (incumbent) 8,136 50.93%
Republican Larry Chesley 7,840 49.07%
Total votes 15,976 100.00%
Libertarian Primary Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Libertarian Donald Markowski[a] 18 100.00%
Total votes 18 100.00%
General Election Results
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican James J. Sossaman (incumbent) 50,026 83.93%
Libertarian Donald Markowski 9,580 16.07%
Total votes 59,606 100.00%
Republican hold

Summary of Votes in the Impeachment Trial of Governor Evan Mecham

On February 8, 1988, the Arizona House of Representatives voted to impeach Governor Evan Mecham. This caused a schism in the Arizona Republican Party since the House was controlled by Republicans and the Governor was also a Republican.[5][6]

Subsequent to the House's vote to impeach, the Senate then convened the impeachment trial of Governor Mecham. On March 30, 1988, the Senate voted to dismiss Article II (pertaining to false sworn statements) for fear of putting Mecham in a position of quasi double jeopardy due to the ongoing criminal proceedings in the Superior Court of Maricopa County.[7] The vote to dismiss Article II was Ayes-16, Noes-12, and Not Voting-2.

On April 4, 1988, the Senate voted on Article I (pertaining to obstruction of justice) and Article III (pertaining to misuse of funds) of the Articles of Impeachment. The Presiding Officer, at 4:56 p.m., announced that by a vote of 21 ayes and 9 noes, Evan Mecham was convicted of high crimes, misdemeanors or malfeasance in office, as contained in Article I of the Articles of Impeachment.[8] The Presiding Officer announced that by a vote of 26 ayes and 4 noes, Evan Mecham was convicted of high crimes, misdemeanors or malfeasance in office, as contained in Article III of the Articles of Impeachment.[9]

Having voted to convict on both Article I and Article III, the Senate then voted on whether to permanently disqualify Mecham from ever again holding any office of honor, trust, or profit in the State of Arizona. The Presiding Officer, at 5:30 p.m., announced that by a roll call vote of 17 ayes and 13 noes, Evan Mecham was not disqualified from holding any office of honor, trust or profit in the State.[c][10]

The table below summarizes the votes of each Senator during the Mecham impeachment trial and their subsequent fate in the 1988 elections.[11]


District Senator Party Article II[d] Article I Article III Permanently Disqualify Mecham Senator's Electoral Outcome
1st John U. Hays Rep Do Not Dismiss Aye Aye Aye Re-elected
2nd Tony Gabaldon Dem Dismiss Aye Aye Aye Re-elected
3rd James Henderson Jr. Dem Dismiss Aye Aye Aye Re-elected
4th A.V. "Bill" Hardt Dem Dismiss Aye Aye Aye Re-elected
5th Jones Osborn Dem Dismiss Aye Aye Aye Re-elected
6th Alan J. Stephens Dem Dismiss Aye Aye No Re-elected
7th Peter Rios Dem Dismiss Aye Aye No Re-elected
8th Carol Lee Macdonald Rep Do Not Dismiss Aye Aye Aye Lost (General)
9th Jeffrey J. Hill Rep Dismiss No No Aye Re-elected
10th Jesus "Chuy" Higuera Dem Dismiss Aye Aye Aye Re-elected
11th Jaime P. Gutierrez Dem Dismiss Aye Aye Aye Re-elected
12th John T. Mawhinney Rep Do Not Dismiss Aye Aye Aye Re-elected
13th Greg Lunn Rep Not Voting Aye Aye Aye Retired
14th William J. "Bill" DeLong Rep Do Not Dismiss Aye Aye Aye Re-elected
15th S.H. "Hal" Runyan Rep Not Voting Aye Aye Aye Retired
16th Wayne Stump Rep Dismiss No No No Re-elected
17th Patricia "Pat" Wright Rep Dismiss No No No Re-elected
18th Tony West Rep Do Not Dismiss Aye Aye Aye Retired
19th Jan Brewer Rep Dismiss No No No Re-elected
20th Lela Alston Dem Dismiss Aye Aye Aye Re-elected
21st Carl J. Kunasek Rep Do Not Dismiss No Aye No Lost (Primary)
22nd Manuel "Lito" Peña Jr. Dem Dismiss Aye Aye No Re-elected
23rd Carolyn Walker Dem Dismiss Aye Aye Aye Re-elected
24th Pete Corpstein Rep Do Not Dismiss Aye Aye No Re-elected
25th Jacque Steiner Rep Do Not Dismiss No Aye No Re-elected
26th Peter Kay Rep Do Not Dismiss No Aye No Lost (Primary)
27th Doug Todd Rep Do Not Dismiss Aye Aye Aye Re-elected
28th Robert B. Usdane Rep Do Not Dismiss No Aye No Re-elected
29th Jack J. Taylor Rep Do Not Dismiss Aye Aye No Lost (Primary)
30th James J. Sossaman Rep Dismiss No Aye No Re-elected
  1. ^ a b c d e f Ran as a write-in candidate in the primary election.
  2. ^ a b c Was a write-in candidate in the general election.
  3. ^ Note that the threshold to disqualify is a two-thirds vote, which would have been 20 ayes. Though 17 is a majority, it did not meet the two-thirds necessary for permanent disqualification.
  4. ^ The vote to dismiss Article II occurred on March 30, 1988.

References

  1. ^ "1987, Journal of the Senate, State of Arizona, Thirty-Eighth Legislature, 1st Regular Session". Arizona Secretary of State.
  2. ^ "1989, Journal of the Senate, State of Arizona, Thirty-Ninth Legislature, 1st Regular Session". Arizona Secretary of State.
  3. ^ "1988 State of Arizona, official canvass, primary election". Arizona Secretary of State.
  4. ^ "1988 State of Arizona, official canvass, general election,". Arizona Secretary of State.
  5. ^ "1988: Gov. Evan Mecham impeached". Arizona Daily Star.
  6. ^ "Arizona's Supreme Court Blocks A Special Gubernatorial Election". New York Times.
  7. ^ "1988, Journal of the Court of Impeachment, Thirty-Eighth Legislature: Record of proceedings of the Court of Impeachment: in the trial of the Honorable Evan Mecham, Governor, State of Arizona". Arizona State Library. p. 179.
  8. ^ "1988, Journal of the Court of Impeachment, Thirty-Eighth Legislature: Record of proceedings of the Court of Impeachment: in the trial of the Honorable Evan Mecham, Governor, State of Arizona". Arizona State Library. p. 186.
  9. ^ "1988, Journal of the Court of Impeachment, Thirty-Eighth Legislature: Record of proceedings of the Court of Impeachment: in the trial of the Honorable Evan Mecham, Governor, State of Arizona". Arizona State Library. p. 186.
  10. ^ "1988, Journal of the Court of Impeachment, Thirty-Eighth Legislature: Record of proceedings of the Court of Impeachment: in the trial of the Honorable Evan Mecham, Governor, State of Arizona". Arizona State Library. p. 187.
  11. ^ "1988, Journal of the Court of Impeachment, Thirty-Eighth Legislature: Record of proceedings of the Court of Impeachment: in the trial of the Honorable Evan Mecham, Governor, State of Arizona". Arizona State Library. p. 7.
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