Mahmud Khalji

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Mahmud Khalji
Sultan
Mahmud Khilji's Tomb in Mandu
Mahmud Khalji's Tomb in Mandu, Madhya Pradesh, India
4th Sultan of Malwa
Reign1436–1469
PredecessorTaj-ud-Din Muhammad Shah
SuccessorGhiyas-ud-Din Shah
Died1469
Malwa Sultanate
Names
Ala-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Khilji
Regnal name
Mahmud Shah I
DynastyKhilji dynasty

Mahmud Khalji (1436–1469), also known as Mahmud Khilji and Ala-ud-Din Mahmud Shah I, was the Sultan of Malwa, in what is now the state of Madhya Pradesh, India.[1] Khilji came into power after assassinating Mohammad, the son of the previous ruler, Hoshang Shah, in 1435. He mounted an unsuccessful campaign against the Delhi Sultanate however, it was under his reign that the Malwa Sultanate reached its greatest height.[2]

Battles fought by Mehmud Khalji

  • Battle of Mandavgad (1437) - A Battle in which Rana Kumbha defeated and captured Mehmud Khalji.
  • Battle of Mandalgarh and Banas (1442-1446) - A series of battles that took place between Mahmud Khalji of Malwa and Rana Kumbha of Mewar. bloodied by these engagements the Sultan did not attack Mewar for another ten years.[3][4]
    • Siege of Gagron (February 1444) - Sultan Mahmud besieged Gagron which belonged to Palhan Singh Khichi. Rana Kumbha had sent reinforcements under his commander Dahir, but Dahir died in battle and Palhan was killed by Mehmud's

forces while fleeing from the fort.[5]

  • Battle of Mandalgarh (1457) - Sultan Mahmud attacked Mandalgarh, he sent 7 detachments to attack the Rana from multiple directions. The Malwa forces under Taj Khan and Ali Khan suffered heavy losses in battle against Rana Kumbha after which Mahmud

retreated the next morning.[6]

  • Siege of Mandalgarh (December 1456 - October 1457) - In December Rana Kumbha was forced to move north to confront the sultan of Gujarat, Sultan Mahmud once again attacked Mandalgarh and captured it after a siege.[7]
  • Conquest of Mandalgarh(1457)- The Conquest of Mandalgarh was a significant military expedition led by Sultan Mahmud Khalji of Malwa against Mewar. The primary objective of this campaign was to capture the Mandalgarh fort, which was under the command of Uparamal, a subordinate of Rana Kumbha. Mahmud Khalji marched towards Mewar in the year 1457 A.D. to capture the fort and he was successful .
  • Conquest of Ajmer- Mahmud Khalji invaded this fort. Governor of this fort was Gajadhar Singh he invaded and killed him in this conquest and captured Ajmer.
  • Conquest of Hadoti

Rule

Map of the Khaljis of Malwa at their height

During rule of Muhammad Shah II of Gujarat Sultanate, Mahmud Khilji invaded Gujarat. After capturing and saving Champaner, he continued his march upon Gujarat at the head of 80,000 horse. Soon, Muhammad Shah II died and was succeeded by Kutb-ud-Din Ahmad Shah II. Mahmud Khilji had laid siege to Sultánpur. Malik Ala-ud-din bin Sohráb, Kutb-ud-dín's commander, surrendered the fort, and was sent with honour to Malwa and appointed governor of Mandu. Mahmud Khilji, marching to Sarsa-Paldi, summoned Bharuch, then commanded by Sídi Marján on behalf of Gujarát Sultanate. The Sidi refused, and fearing delay, the Malwa Sultan after plundering Baroda (now Vadodara) proceeded to Nadiad, whose Bráhmans astonished him by their bravery in killing a mad elephant. Kutb-ud-din Shah now advancing met Sultan Mahmud Khilji at Kapadvanj where, after a doubtful fight of some hours, Kutb-ud-din Shah defeated Sultán Mahmud Khilji. Muzaffar Khán, who is said to have incited the Malwa Sultan Khilji to invade Gujarat, was captured and beheaded, and his head was hung up at the gate of Kapadvanj.[8] During the reign of Mahmud Khalji, who took control of the Malwa throne in 1436, the famous Mandu Kalpasutra was illustrated in 1439. Prior to this, Malwa was engaged in resisting an invasion from Gujarat. In 1454, Mewar was conquered, followed by the conquest of Bundi, Kotah, Bayana, Ranthambhor, and Kerauli. Mandasor was occupied, Ajmer was captured, and wars were waged against Gujarat, Jaunpur, and the Deccan. Despite facing challenges from small principalities like Kachwara, Mahmud's reign in Malwa was marked by extensive contact with neighboring countries, consolidation, and expansion.[9]

In the same year, Sultan Mahmud Khalji attempted to conquer Nagore then held by Firuz Khan, a cousin of the Gujarat Sultan. Kutb-ud-din Shah despatched an army under the command of Sayad Ataullah, and, as it drew near Sambhar, the Malwa Sultan retired and shortly after Firuz Khan died.[8]


See also

References

  1. ^ Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. p. 116. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
  2. ^ Lane-Poole, Stanley (1970). Medieval India under Mohammedan Rule, (A.D. 712-1764). New York: Haskell House. p. 174. ISBN 978-0838311967. Archived from the original on 30 September 2017.
  3. ^ A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books.
  4. ^ Har Bilas Sarda "Maharana Kumbha: sovereign, soldier, scholar" pg 47
  5. ^ Rajasthan through the ages vol 5, pg 4.
  6. ^ Rajasthan through the ages vol 5, pg 9.
  7. ^ Rajasthan through the ages vol 5, pg 11.
  8. ^ a b James Macnabb Campbell, ed. (1896). "II. ÁHMEDÁBÁD KINGS. (A. D. 1403–1573.)". History of Gujarát. Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency. Vol. 1-Part 2. The Government Central Press. pp. 242–243.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  9. ^ Sengupta, Pradip Kumar (1991). Foundations of Indian Musicology: Perspectives in the Philosophy of Art and Culture. Abhinav Publications. p. 2. ISBN 978-81-7017-273-4."It was actually in the reign of Mahmüd Khalji who usurped the Malwa throne in A.D. 1436, that the famous Mändu Kalpasūtra was illustrated, in A.D. 1439. During a few years earlier, it is significant to note, Malwa was busy in resisting an invasion by Gujarat. Mewar was subjugated in A.D. 1454 and in the same year Bundi, Kotah, Bayana, Ranthambhor and Kerauli were successively reduced. Towards the end of the same year the province of Mandasor was occupied and the fort of Ajmer captured. War was waged against Gujarat, Jaunpur, and the Deccan, which latter tried to recapture Kherla but lost it along with Ellichpur. Even to the last day Malwa Sultanate under Mahmüd I Khalji had to keep on its belligerent contacts with the small principalities in Rājasthān like Kachwara. Nevertheless, Mahmûd's reign in Malwa marked one of the widest contacts with the neighbouring countries and of consolidation and expansion. convert it into advanced English"
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