English: Hypothetical/integrative model of immune regulation triggered by T. solium and T. crassiceps infection and their released products on different types of cells. Products of both parasites can be recognized by innate cells through several pattern recognition receptors, including TLRs, CD205, among others, and induce tolerogenic DCs or modulate the activation of macrophages by inducing the expression of different inhibitory molecules in its membrane such as PDL1, PDL2, Galectin-9 (Gal-9) as well as soluble inhibitory factors such as PGE2, and IL-13, while favors the expression of genes associated with M2 polarization, such as arginase, FIZZ1 and YM1, leading to the inhibition of T cell proliferation. In contrast, the inflammatory properties of both DCs and macrophages are inhibited by these parasite molecules and the production of TNF-α, IL-12, iNOS and ROS are dramatically reduced. Additionally, TsES and TcES inhibit T cell responses through the induction of T regulatory cells as well as B regulatory cells which both are an important source of IL-10. These infections together with their secreted products can also induce a Th2-biased response and a reduced CD8 response.