File:Calcite boxwork, Wind Cave.jpg
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Summary
DescriptionCalcite boxwork, Wind Cave.jpg |
Calcite boxwork from Wind Cave, southern Black Hills, western South Dakota, USA (public display, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, USA). Boxwork is a scarce cave feature characterized by a network of intersecting veins projecting from cave walls or ceilings. Boxwork veins are typically composed of calcite, but quartz and gypsum boxwork have also been reported. Wind Cave in South Dakota’s Black Hills is the best locality on Earth for seeing abundant, well-developed boxwork. Prima facie, boxwork appears to be “just” the result of differential dissolution of intensely fractured-and-veined limestone during cave formation. Research by karst workers has shown that boxwork at Wind Cave (and other localities) has a complex origin, and requires the original presence of carbonate and sulfate sedimentary rocks (see Palmer, 2007). Synthesized from: Palmer, A.N. 2007. Cave Geology. Dayton. Cave Books & Cave Research Foundation. 454 pp. |
Date | |
Source | Calcite boxwork (Wind Cave, southern Black Hills, western South Dakota, USA) 1 |
Author | James St. John |
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by jsj1771 at https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/14972169049. It was reviewed on 10 September 2014 by FlickreviewR and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
10 September 2014
Items portrayed in this file
depicts
some value
11 June 2010
0.01666666666666666666 second
4.8
48 millimetre
image/jpeg
ee63f569f21657959a6217fee87930726658f230
3,140,997 byte
2,000 pixel
3,008 pixel
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Date/Time | Thumbnail | Dimensions | User | Comment | |
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current | 00:33, 10 September 2014 | 3,008 × 2,000 (3 MB) | commons>Tillman | Transferred from Flickr via Flickr2commons |
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Exposure time | 1/60 sec (0.016666666666667) |
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Date and time of data generation | 10:39, 11 June 2010 |
Lens focal length | 48 mm |
Orientation | Normal |
Horizontal resolution | 300 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 300 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop CS2 Macintosh |
File change date and time | 14:50, 6 September 2014 |
Y and C positioning | Co-sited |
Exposure Program | Not defined |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Date and time of digitizing | 10:39, 11 June 2010 |
Meaning of each component |
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Image compression mode | 4 |
APEX exposure bias | 0 |
Maximum land aperture | 4.4 APEX (f/4.59) |
Metering mode | Pattern |
Light source | Unknown |
Flash | Flash fired, strobe return light detected, auto mode |
DateTime subseconds | 70 |
DateTimeOriginal subseconds | 70 |
DateTimeDigitized subseconds | 70 |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Color space | sRGB |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
File source | Digital still camera |
Scene type | A directly photographed image |
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Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Focal length in 35 mm film | 72 mm |
Scene capture type | Standard |
Scene control | None |
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Subject distance range | Unknown |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Image width | 3,008 px |
Image height | 2,000 px |
Date metadata was last modified | 10:50, 6 September 2014 |