File:Black Pepper (Piper nigrum) fruits.jpg
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Summary
DescriptionBlack Pepper (Piper nigrum) fruits.jpg |
English: Unripe drupes of en:Piper nigrum in November at Trivandrum, Kerala, India. Black pepper is produced from these unripe drupes. The drupes are cooked briefly in hot water. The heat ruptures cell walls in the pepper, speeding the work of browning enzymes during drying. The drupes are dried for several days, during which the pepper around the seed shrinks and darkens into a thin, wrinkled black layer. Once dried, the spice is called black peppercorn. White pepper consists of the seed of the pepper plant alone, with the darker coloured skin of the pepper fruit removed. This is usually accomplished by a process known as retting, where fully ripe red pepper berries are soaked in water for about a week, during which the flesh of the pepper softens and decomposes. Rubbing then removes what remains of the fruit, and the naked seed is dried. |
Date | |
Source | Own work |
Author | K Hari Krishnan |
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Items portrayed in this file
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some value
13 November 2012
image/jpeg
dcb394f37c84093faa5304d2ac966e3daa9e92a0
5,404,658 byte
3,750 pixel
2,500 pixel
File history
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Date/Time | Thumbnail | Dimensions | User | Comment | |
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current | 16:44, 1 March 2013 | 2,500 × 3,750 (5.15 MB) | commons>PhotoDoc | User created page with UploadWizard |
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Metadata
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Camera manufacturer | NIKON CORPORATION |
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Camera model | NIKON D3100 |
Exposure time | 1/160 sec (0.00625) |
F Number | f/5.6 |
ISO speed rating | 800 |
Date and time of data generation | 13:23, 13 November 2012 |
Lens focal length | 250 mm |
Horizontal resolution | 240 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 240 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop Lightroom 3.4 |
File change date and time | 21:58, 1 March 2013 |
Y and C positioning | Centered |
Exposure Program | Aperture priority |
Exif version | 2.3 |
Date and time of digitizing | 13:23, 13 November 2012 |
Meaning of each component |
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APEX shutter speed | 7.3219280719281 |
APEX aperture | 4.9708536585366 |
APEX exposure bias | −0.66666666666667 |
Maximum land aperture | 5.0219238147438 APEX (f/5.7) |
Subject distance | 3.35 meters |
Metering mode | Spot |
Light source | Unknown |
Flash | Flash did not fire |
DateTimeOriginal subseconds | 60 |
DateTimeDigitized subseconds | 60 |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Color space | Uncalibrated |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
File source | Digital still camera |
Scene type | A directly photographed image |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Auto exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Focal length in 35 mm film | 375 mm |
Scene capture type | Standard |
Scene control | Low gain up |
Contrast | Normal |
Saturation | Normal |
Sharpness | Normal |
Subject distance range | Unknown |
IIM version | 4 |